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March 29, 2023

Electronic Devices And Circuit Theory 11th Edition Solutions.696 3

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A single FPGA may contain as many as 10,000 to 12,000 logic elements. FPGAs are subdivided into two distinct families depending on the number of configuration bits. The generic and highly programmable Xilinx XC4000 family requires anywhere from 4- 48 bit configuration data, while the low cost Altera EP3C40 family consists of 8- 16 bit. Xilinx, for example, includes 4 configuration bits for its Virtex-4 family FPGA. This is compared to the 256 4 input NAND gates used to configure the 4 input 74146 decoder in the 7400 series of integrated circuits. As a result, with a reasonable amount of programming and setting up, the Virtex-4 FPGA might be configured to perform various logic functions. However, Xilinx and others have developed programmable logic devices with much more than 4 configuration bits that effectively configure the FPGA to perform specific functional operations. FPGAs generally include a small number of registers with very high access speed and much larger numbers of slow, non-volatile flip-flops as well as a high density, high bandwidth, generalized interconnect network.

As an example, an Xilinx XC3030 Spartan 3 LX FPGA contains 3,000 exclusive ORs (XORs), 80 one-of-n flip flops, 2,184 registers and a specialized data path block that performs high speed library operations on the data in a variety of ways. For example, the library includes data path blocks which perform XOR, MSI, AND or XNOR operations as well as 16 bit multiplier. Low cost 4 bit and 8 bit programmable logic devices are still available at Walmart, Best Buy and Radio Shack although these devices are not appropriate for engineering design. However, many "creative" designers have used them to produce timing device and other interesting circuits.

FPGAs are divided into several groups based on their associated standard packages (or outline packages). Not all packages are available for every given family or line of chips. The most common packages are the QFP (Quad Flat Patas) and BGA (Ball Grid Array). A packaged FPGA may have several mounting technologies, such as a QFP which is a single plane device with pins on the bottom only, or a BGA which is a rectangular enclosure device with more pins on the sides. d2c66b5586

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